ABSTRACT
Cedrela domatifolia W. Palacios es registrada por primera vez para Perú en el valle de Chanchamayo, departamento de Junín. Con esta adición se elevan a 11 especies del género Cedrela (Meliaceae) en el Perú. La característica vegetativa más resaltante de C. domatifolia son los domacios prominentes, situados en las axilas de los nervios secundarios de las láminas por el envés. En caracteres florales, los pétalos son de color rojo a fucsia, una característica no común en el género.
A new record of Cedrela domatifolia W. Palacios is presented in Chanchamayo Valley, department of Junin, which adds to 11 the number of Cedrela (Meliaceae) species recorded in Peru. The most notorious vegetative character of the species are the prominent domatia in the axils of the secondary nerves of blades. At floral characters, the petals are red to fuchsia, an uncommon feature in the genus.
ABSTRACT
Objective:Aphanamixis grandifolia，a perennial herb of genus Aphanamixis （Meliaceae），has effects in soothing activating collaterals，dredging paisy，expelling wind-evil and removing wetness. This paper aimed to investigate terpenoids from the stems and leaves of A. grandifolia and reveal the effective substances. Method:Totally 22 kg leaves and twigs of A. grandifolia were extracted with 90% EtOH for three times by heating reflux. These extracts were decompressed and concentrated，and then dissolved in water. The solvent was successively extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The chemical constituents from petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions were isolated by macroporous，silica gel，Sephadex LH-20 and ODS columns，and their chemical structures were determined through MS，NMR analysis（1H and 13C-NMR）and spectroscopic data from literatures，respectively. Result:Twelve compounds were obtained and identified as 16α-hydroxy-3-oxo-24-methyllanosta-7，9（11），24（31）-triene-21-oic acid （1），23（E）-cycloart-en-25-ethoxy-3-ol（2），23（Z）-9，19-cycloart-ene-3β，25-diol（3），23（E）-cycloart-en-3β，25-diol（4），labda-8，13-（E）-dien-15-ol（5），labda-7，13-（E）-dien-15-ol（6），vulgarol（7），（S，E）-6-[6-（5，5-dimethyl-4-oxo-4，5-dihydrofuran-3-yl]-2-methylhepta-1，6-dien-1-yl]-4-methyl-5，6-dihydro-2H-pyran-one（8），nemoralisin（9），nemoralisin C（10），1S，4R，5S，6R，7S，10S-1（5），6（7）-diepoxy-4-guaiol（11） and 1S，4S，5S，10R-4，10-guaianediol（12），respectively. Conclusion:The structures involves triterpenoids，diterpenoids and sesquiterpennoids，and eight of them （1-3，5-8 and 12） are obtained from A. grandifolia for the first time. Those compounds are also isolated from the geneus Aphanamixis for the first time.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The chemical study of roots from Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae, led to the isolation of two new terpenoids, limonoid morenolide and diterpene 17-hydroxy-sandaracopimar-8,15-dien-11-one, in addition to the four well-known limonoids nimbinene, nimbinal, nimbandiol and salannin, and three diterpenoids nimbidiol, ferruginol, and 6,7-dehydroferruginol. Their structural elucidations were based on one and bidimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry spectra data which was compared to the data found in literature. The anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antimycobacterial activities of the identified terpenoids were evaluated.
ABSTRACT
Two new furan fragment isomerized limonoids, meliazedalides A and B (compounds 1 and 2), were isolated from the fruits of Melia azedarach Linn.. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESI-MS and 1D and 2D NMR data, which belonged to nimbolinin- and trichilin-class, respectively. Compound 2 exhibited weak inhibitory effect on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC being 37.41 μmol·L.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Fruit , Chemistry , Limonins , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Macrophages , Metabolism , Melia azedarach , Chemistry , Molecular Structure , Nitric Oxide , MetabolismABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the species of conidial fungi associated with leaf litter of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae), an endangered red cedar species typical of Amazonian terra-firme forests. Conidial fungi were sampled around C. odorata individuals in three forest areas in the municipality of Belém (Pará State, Brazil). A total of 104 species were identified, with 53 new records for the state of Pará, 46 first records for the Brazilian Amazon, including new records for Brazil (Cordana abramovii), for South America (Acarocybiopsis cubitaensis, Xylocladium claviforme) and for the Americas (Dactylaria biguttulata). A review of species of conidial fungi reported on C. odorata is provided, indicating its distribution in Brazil. For each new record in Brazil, South America and the Americas we present a description, illustrations, geographical distribution and taxonomic comments.
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as espécies de fungos conidiais associadas com o folhedo de Cedrela odorata, uma espécie de cedro vermelho ameaçada, típica de florestas de terra firme da Amazônia. Fungos conidiais foram amostrados no folhedo ao redor de indivíduos de C. odorata em três áreas florestais no município de Belém (PA). Um total de 104 espécies foi identificado, com 53 novos registros para o Estado do Pará e 46 que representam o primeiro registro para a Amazônia brasileira. Dentre estas, foram encontrados novos registros para o Brasil (Cordana abramovii), para a América do Sul (Acarocybiopsis cubitaensis, Xylocladium claviforme) e para as Américas (Dactylaria biguttulata). Uma revisão das espécies de fungos conidiais relatadas em C. odorata é fornecida, indicando sua distribuição no Brasil. Para cada novo registro no Brasil, América do Sul e Américas apresentamos uma descrição, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos.
Subject(s)
Ascomycota/classification , Cedrela/microbiology , Mitosporic Fungi/classification , Amazonian Ecosystem , Spores, Fungal/classification , Rainforest , Meliaceae/microbiologyABSTRACT
Two new limonoids, 12-ethoxynimbolinins G and H (compounds 1 and 2), and one known compound, toosendanin (Chuanliansu) (compound 3), were isolated from the bark of Melia toosendan. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and X-ray techniques. The absolute configuration of toosendanin (3) was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-3 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five tumor cell lines.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Limonins , Melia , Chemistry , Molecular Structure , Plant Bark , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Pharmacology , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
Two new limonoids, 12-ethoxynimbolinins G and H (compounds 1 and 2), and one known compound, toosendanin (Chuanliansu) (compound 3), were isolated from the bark of Melia toosendan. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and X-ray techniques. The absolute configuration of toosendanin (3) was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-3 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five tumor cell lines.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Limonins , Melia , Chemistry , Molecular Structure , Plant Bark , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Pharmacology , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
Six dammarane-type triterpenoids, dammar-24-en-3β-ol (1), 3β-epicabraleahydroxy lactone (2), (E)-25-hydroperoxydammar-23-en-3β,20-diol (3), dammar-24-en-3β,20-diol (4), 3β-acetyl-20S,24S-epoxy-25-hydroxydammarane (5), and 3β-epiocotillol (6) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the bark of Aglaia elliptica. The chemical structure were identified on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and by comparison with those spectra previously reported. Compounds 1 – 6 were isolated first time from this plant. Compounds 1 – 6, along with a known synthetic analog, cabraleone (7) were evaluated their cytotoxic activity against P-388 murine leukimia cells in vitro. Among those compounds 3β-acetyl-20S,24S-epoxy-25-hydroxydammarane (5) showed strongest cytotoxic activity with IC₅₀ value of 8.02 ± 0.06 µM.
Subject(s)
Aglaia , In Vitro Techniques , Leukemia , Meliaceae , Methanol , Plants , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Objective To search for the most active antimicrobial and antioxidant sub-fractions related to traditional use of Ziziphus oxyphylla (Z. oxyphylla) and Cedrela serrata (C. serrata) in Pakistan against infectious and liver diseases. Methods Factions of different polarity were tested in vitro for their antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity against different pathogens. Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cell lines (human lung fibroblasts) as well as, in vitro radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay. Results The highest antiprotozoal activity was observed for the CHCl
ABSTRACT
Objective: To search for the most active antimicrobial and antioxidant sub-fractions related to traditional use of Ziziphus oxyphylla (Z. oxyphylla) and Cedrela serrata (C. serrata) in Pakistan against infectious and liver diseases. Methods: Factions of different polarity were tested in vitro for their antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity against different pathogens. Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cell lines (human lung fibroblasts) as well as, in vitro radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay. Results: The highest antiprotozoal activity was observed for the CHCl3 fractions of Z. oxyphylla roots and leaves, and C. serrata bark. The CHCl3 and EtOAc fractions of Z. oxyphylla roots, the CHCl3 fraction of Z. oxyphylla leaves, the EtOAc and the residual MeOH: H2O fraction of C. serrata bark showed antibacterial activity against Staphylo-coccus aureus. The same residual MeOH: H2O fraction of C. serrata bark was active against Candida albicans. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the more hydrophilic EtOAc fractions of Z. oxyphylla leaves, C. serrata bark and leaves, and the residual MeOH:H2O fraction of C. serrata bark. Conclusions: This study supports at least in part the traditional uses of these plants for antimicrobial purposes and against liver diseases.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, two new limonoids, 1α, 7α-dihydroxyl-3α-acetoxyl-12α-ethoxylnimbolinin (1) and 1α-tigloyloxy-3α-acetoxyl-7α-hydroxyl-12β-ethoxylnimbolinin (2), together with other four known limonoids (3-6), were isolated from the fruits of Melia toosendan. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analyses (NMR and ESI-MS) and comparisons with the data reported in the literature. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities. Compound 4 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against an oral pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, with an MIC value of 15.2 μg·mL(-1). Compound 2 was also active against P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, with an MIC value of 31.25 μg·mL(-1). In conlcusion, our resutls indicate that these compounds may provide a basis for future development of novel antibiotics.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Fruit , Chemistry , Limonins , Chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Melia , Chemistry , Molecular Structure , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationABSTRACT
The infestation of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) by scale insects of the species Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is reported for the first time. Leaves and twigs exhibiting signs of wilting were collected from the basal-interior parts of the canopy of neem trees that had been planted in the city of Limoeiro do Norte, located in the northeastern state of Ceará, Brazil. The identity of the oriental scale insect A. orientalis was confirmed by microscopic examination. The insect pest has not been observed previously in the northern states of Brazil, hence the present report is significant in that it focuses attention on the mobility of A. orientalis and on its potential to infest other plant species in that region.
A infestação de Azadiractha indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) pela cochonilha da espécie Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) é relatada pela primeira vez. Folhas e galhos exibindo sinais de murcha foram obtidos da parte basal interna da copa de árvores que haviam sido plantadas na cidade de Limoeiro do Norte localizada no estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil. A identidade dos insetos foi confirmada através de exame microscópico. Visto que esse inseto não havia sido observado antes nos estados do norte do Brasil, o presente artigo é importante, pois desperta a atenção para a mobilidade de A. orientalis e seu potencial para infestar outras espécies nesta região.
Subject(s)
Meliaceae , Azadirachta , Hemiptera , InsectaABSTRACT
Oleum azadirachti consists of the oil obtained from dried seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (family: Meliaceae). Local names of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. are Abodua, aforo-oyinbo, anwe egyane, arista, azad dirakht, azadarakht, azedarach and bead tree. Indigenous to India, and widely distributed in South and South-East Asia and cultivated in Africa, the South Pacific Islands, South and Central America and Australia, and in southern Florida and California, United States of America, it is a straight-boled deciduous tree, which is 6-25 m high. Bark is dark-brown, externally fissured with a buff inner surface and fibrous fracture. Leaves alternately arranged, pinnately compound and up to 40 cm long, and composed of 8-18 short-petiolate narrow-ovate, pointed and curved toothed leaflets, 3-10 cm long and 1-4 cm wide arranged in alternate pairs. The major constituents are oxidized tetranortriterpenes including azadirachtin (azadirachtin A), azadiriadione, epoxyazadiradione, azadirone, nimbidin, nimbin, deacetylnimbin, salannin, gedunin, mahmoodin, 17-hydroxydiradione and related derivatives. It is of various medicinal uses, such as a contraceptive for intravaginal use, a mosquito repellent, and treatment of vaginal infections, treatment of gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, malaria, rheumatism and skin disorders, external applications for treatment of septic wounds,ulcers and boils, treatment of allergic skin reactions, asthma, bruises, colic, conjunctivitis, dysmenorrhoea, fever, gout, headache, itching due to varicella, kidney stones, leukorrhoea, psoriasis, scabies, sprains and muscular pain, and wounds. It is also used as an emmenagogue, tonic, stomatic and vermicide. In conclusion, the plant oil had antifertility, antihyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiulcer, estrogenic, immune, contraceptive, antibacterial, insect repellent, and skin treatment effects.
ABSTRACT
Para evaluar el potencial organogénico de Cedrela montanaMoritz ex Turcz, se colectaron explantes de árboles maduros (10-20 años) y juveniles (7-18 meses). Los primeros incluyeron yemas,hojas y nudos de brotes juveniles (ubicados hacia la parte basal deltronco) y rejuvenecidos (obtenidos a partir de estacas). Los segundoshojas, peciolos, nudos, entrenudos y nudos de brotes elongados invitro. Los nudos de árboles juveniles presentaron el mayor potencialorganogénico, ya que el 45,8% de los explantes presentaron elongaciónde yemas axilares y el 56,2% enraizamiento en medio sin reguladoresde crecimiento. El 51% de los brotes elongados formaron brotesadventicios con 0.5 μM NAA y 0.5 μM BA, el 30% con 0.5 μM NAAy 1 μM BA, y el 30% con 1 μM BA; y el 20% raíces con 0,5 μM NAA.La formación de raíces se vio estimulada con la adición de carbónactivado (5 gL-1) en el medio. El 80% de las plántulas regeneradas apartir de nudos y el 72,5% de las provenientes de brotes generadosin vitro se aclimataron exitosamente. Por el contrario, explantesde árboles maduros presentaron baja respuesta organogénica.Elongación de yemas axilares fue registrada solamente en 10.7% delos nudos de brotes juveniles y en 6.7% de aquellos provenientes debrotes rejuvenecidos. En conclusión, la edad de la planta donadoray el tipo de explante influyen sobre el potencial organogénico de C.montana. Este estudio contribuyó al conocimiento de la respuesta deesta especie bajo condiciones in vitro...
To evaluate the organogenic potential ofCedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz, explants from mature(10-20 year-old) and juvenile (7-18 month-old) treeswere collected. The first grouping included buds, leaves,and nodes derived from juvenile basal offshoots andrejuvenated shoots from cuttings. The second, includedleaves, petioles, nodes, internodes and nodes of in vitroelongated shoots. The highest organogenic potential wasobserved in nodes from juvenile trees: 45.8% of explantspresented axillary bud elongation, while 56.2% presentedrooting in a growth regulator free culture medium. Fiftyonepercent of elongated shoots produced adventitiousshoots with 0.5 μM NAA and 0.5 μM BA; 30% with0.5 μM NAA and 1 μM BA; and 30% with 1 μM BA.Twenty percent presented roots with 0.5 μM NAA. Rootformation was stimulated in a medium supplementedwith activated charcoal (5 gL-1). The acclimatizationof eighty percent of plantlets regenerated from nodes,and of 72.5% in vitro generated shoots was successful.On the contrary, mature trees material presented loworganogenic response. Axillary bud elongation wasrecorded just in 10.7% of explants from juvenile shootsand in 6.7% of explants from rejuvenated shoots. Inconclusion the age of donor plant and type of explantaffect the organogenic potential of C. montana. Thisstudy contributes to the understanding of this speciesresponse under in vitro conditions...
Para avaliar o potencial organogênico da Cedrela montanaMoritz ex Turcz, explantes derivados de árvores adultas (10-20 anos)e jovens (7-18 meses) foram coletados. O primeiro incluiu brotos,folhas, e nós derivados de brotações jovens (localizado na direçãoda parte basal do tronco) e rejuvenescida (obtido a partir de estacas).O segundo incluía folhas, pecíolos, nós, entrenós e nós de brotosalongados in vitro. Maior potencial organogênico foi observado emnós de árvores jovens, em que o alongamento de brotos foi obtidoem 45,8% dos explantes e o enraizamento atingiu 56,2% em meiosem reguladores de crescimento. Brotos adventícios foram induzidasem 51% dos rebentos gerados in vitro com 0.5 μM NAA e 0.5 μM BA;30% de indução ocorreu com 0.5 μM NAA e 1 μM BA; 30% com 1μM BA. Raízes adventícias foram induzidas em 20% dos rebentoscom 0,5 μM NAA. Formação de raízes foi estimulada com carvão ativado(5 gL-1) no meio. 80% das plântulas regeneradas a partir de nós e 72,5%das plântulas a partir de brotações obtidas in vitro foram aclimatizadascom sucesso. Em contraste, explantes derivados de árvores adultasapresentou resposta organogênica baixo. Alongamento de brotos degemas axilares foi registrado somente em 10,7% dos nós de brotaçõesjovens e 6,7% das brotações ejuvenescidas. Em conclusão a idade daplanta doadora e o tipo de explante afeta o potencial de organogênesein vitro da C. montana. Este estudo contribuiu para o conhecimento daresposta desta espécie sob condições in vitro...
Subject(s)
Forestry/methods , Cedrela/classification , Cedrela/growth & development , Cedrela/adverse effectsABSTRACT
O uso de plantas inseticidas é uma importante ferramenta para o manejo de insetos-praga. Visando ao controle de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), nanoformulações de nim foram avaliadas. Após a estimativa de uma CL50 para uma formulação de óleo comercial de nim, bioensaios de seleção foram realizados com 22 nanoformulações. Para isso, lagartas neonatas foram alimentadas sobre folíolos tratados com soluções das nanoformulações durante 10 dias. Com as duas nanoformulações mais promissoras, NC40 aquoso e NC40 pó (NC 40=nanocápsulas de Poli- β-hidroxibutirato), foi avaliado o efeito sobre o desenvolvimento e a longevidade do inseto. A CL50 para o óleo de nim foi estimada em 0,20% ou 1,31mgL-1 de azadiractina. As nanoformulações NC40 aquoso e NC40 pó afetaram o desenvolvimento do inseto.
The use of insecticide plants is an important tool in the management of insect pests. Aiming to control Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), neem nanoformulations were evaluated. After estimating the LC50 for a commercial neem oil formulation, selection bioassays were performed with 22 nanoformulations. In order to do that, newly emerged caterpillars were fed on leaflets treated with nanoformulation solutions for 10 days. The effect on the development and longevity of the insect was evaluated with the two most promising nanoformulations, aqueous NC40 and powdered NC40 (NC 40 = Poly-β-hydroxibutirate nanocapsules). The LC50 for neem oil was estimated in 0.20% or 1.31mgL-1 of azadiractin. The nanoformulations aqueous NC40 and powdered NC40 affected the insect development.
ABSTRACT
To investigate the toxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of Azadirachtaindica (A. indica) at 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats. Methods: Fifty male rats of Wistar strains were randomly grouped into five (A-E) of ten animals each. Animals in Group A (control) were orally administered 1 mL of distilled water on daily basis for 21 days while those in Groups B-E received same volume of the extract corresponding to 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Results: The extract did not significantly (P>0.05) alter the levels of albumin, total protein, red blood cells and factors relating to it whereas the white blood cell, platelets, serum triacylglycerol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly (P<0.05). In contrast, the final body weights, absolute weights of the liver, kidney, lungs and heart as well as their organ-body weight ratios, serum globulins, total and conjugated bilirubin, serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and computed atherogenic index increased significantly. The spleen-body weight ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate transaminases, sodium, potassium, calcium, feed and water intake were altered at specific doses. Conclusions: Overall, the alterations in the biochemical parameters of toxicity have consequential effects on the normal functioning of the organs of the animals. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of A. indica stem bark at the doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight may not be completely safe as an oral remedy and should be taken with caution if absolutely necessary.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the toxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) at 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty male rats of Wistar strains were randomly grouped into five (A-E) of ten animals each. Animals in Group A (control) were orally administered 1 mL of distilled water on daily basis for 21 days while those in Groups B-E received same volume of the extract corresponding to 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The extract did not significantly (P>0.05) alter the levels of albumin, total protein, red blood cells and factors relating to it whereas the white blood cell, platelets, serum triacylglycerol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly (P<0.05). In contrast, the final body weights, absolute weights of the liver, kidney, lungs and heart as well as their organ-body weight ratios, serum globulins, total and conjugated bilirubin, serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and computed atherogenic index increased significantly. The spleen-body weight ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate transaminases, sodium, potassium, calcium, feed and water intake were altered at specific doses.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Overall, the alterations in the biochemical parameters of toxicity have consequential effects on the normal functioning of the organs of the animals. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of A. indica stem bark at the doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight may not be completely safe as an oral remedy and should be taken with caution if absolutely necessary.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Azadirachta , Chemistry , Body Weight , Ethanol , Organ Size , Plant Bark , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Toxicity , Plant Stems , Chemistry , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
A utilização de inseticidas botânicos e bioinseticidas constitui uma alternativa promissora para o manejo de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), na cultura do milho. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de formulações comerciais de nim e de Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai - Bta sobre esta praga em laboratório. Lagartas de S. frugiperda com 10 dias de idade foram alimentadas com folhas de milho submersas na calda dos inseticidas Neemseto®, Natuneem® e Xentari® (B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai Bta) nas concentrações 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10 mL ou g/L e testemunha (água). Os efeitos dos inseticidas dependeram da concentração utilizada, pois provocaram mortalidade crescente das lagartas, alongaram o período larval e reduziram o peso larval. Em alguns casos, também, reduziram o peso das pupas, a viabilidade pupal e a longevidade de adultos. Lagartas com 0-24 h de idade foram mais susceptíveis às concentrações de Neemseto® e Xentari® a 5 e 10 mL ou g/L, em relação às com 10 dias de idade. Com o aumento da concentração, os efeitos sobre o peso das pupas e viabilidade pupal foram, também, maiores em lagartas com 0-24 h de idade.
The use of botanical and biological insecticides constitutes a promising alternative to control Spodoptera frugiperda on corn crop. Thus, the present work evaluated the effect of commercial formulations of neem (Natuneem® and Neemseto®) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai - Bta (Xentari®) on this pest under laboratory conditions. Newly hatched and 10 days old fall armyworm larvae were fed with corn leaves treated with the insecticides at concentration of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mL or g/mL and control (water). An increased effect of the insecticides was found as function of increasing concentration, causing higher larval mortality, longer larval period and lower larval weight. In some cases, reduction of pupa weight, pupa viability and longevity of adults were also verified. Newly hatched larvae (ca. 0-24 h old) were more susceptible to 5 and 10 mL or g/L of Neemseto® and Xentari® as compared with 10 days old larvae. With the increase of insecticide concentration, the effects on the pupa weight and pupa viability were also greater on larvae of 0-24h old.
ABSTRACT
Insecticide plants are an important tool among the new alternatives for pest control in IPM systems because they reduce the use of synthetic insecticides, preserving human health and the environment. We investigated the effects of aqueous extracts of Melia azedarach leaves and Azadirachta indica seeds and three tomato genotypes, 'Santa Clara', 'IPA-5' - Solanum lycopersicum (= Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), and LA444-1 - S. peruvianum (= L. peruvianum), on the development, reproduction and longevity of the tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), under laboratory conditions. The trials were set up in a completely randomized design, with nine treatments [three genotypes x two extracts (M. azedarach and A. indica) and control]. The replication consisted on five tubes, each with three newly hatched larvae, totalizing 90 individuals per treatment. The larvae were fed with tomato leaves treated with aqueous extracts at 0.1 percent concentration or distilled water (control) and daily observed until adults' emergence. Larval and pupal development and mortality, pupal weight, longevity and fecundity were evaluated. The accession LA444-1 negatively affected the development and reproduction of T. absoluta; the tomato pinworm had similar development and reproduction on 'IPA-5' and 'Santa Clara' (the susceptible control). The association of resistant tomato genotypes and extracts of M. azedarach leaves and neem seeds did not result in synergistic or antagonistic effects on T. absoluta.
Subject(s)
Animals , Azadirachta , Lepidoptera/drug effects , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Melia azedarach , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Genotype , Lepidoptera/growth & development , Plant Leaves , Seeds , WaterABSTRACT
Aqueous solutions of neem oil and aqueous extracts of neem seeds and leaves were sprayed on coffee fruits for laboratory evaluation of their efficiency in reducing infestation of the coffee borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), in multi-choice preference assays in laboratory. Neem oil and extracts reduced infestation of fruits in a dose-dependent manner, acting as a repellent. At 0.5 percent, 1 percent and 1.5 percent, the oil reduced fruit infestation by 30.2 percent, 42.5 percent (P > 0.05), and 58.6 percent (P < 0.05), respectively, as compared with the control. Seed extracts at 1 percent, 2 percent and 4 percent (w/v) reduced infestation by 30.9 percent, 38.3 percent (P > 0.05) and 70.2 percent (P < 0.05), respectively; seed extracts at 0.15 percent, 1.5 percent and 15 percent (w/v) reduced fruit infestation by 16.5 percent, 38.5 percent (P > 0.05) and 56.9 percent (P < 0.05), respectively. Spraying the emulsifiable oil at 1 percent on coffee fruits and adult borers was compared with spraying on fruits or adults only. Adult-only spraying caused low mortality (P > 0.05) and low reduction on the number of damaged fruits (P > 0.05). Fruit-only spraying significantly reduced insect survival rates and the number of damaged fruits (P < 0.05). However, spraying on adults and fruits caused the greatest reduction in adult survival (55.6 percent; P < 0.05) and in fruit infestation (78.7 percent; P < 0.05), probably due to insect mortality and neem oil repellence acting together.